Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 2. Pathological changes in STZ-induced diabetic mice. (A) Changes in blood glucose and body weight of WT (WT-STZ) and LCN2−/−(LCN2−/−-STZ) mice induced by intraperitoneal injections of STZ. The control group received sodium citrate solution (WT-SC and LCN2−/−-SC). The observation period spanned 12 weeks after STZ injection. ns (blue), compared to the WT-SC; ns (green), compared to the WT-STZ. ****P < 0.0001 compared to the WT-SC (n = 24). (B) Representative images of lenses in four groups of mice. Scale bar: 1 mm. (C) Representative fluorescence signal images of flatmounted retinas after injection of Evans blue dye. Scale bar: 100 μm (n = 4). (D) Representative images of retinal OCT in four groups of mice (n = 3). (E) Representative retinal H&E staining images for the four groups. Scale bar: 50 μm (n = 3).(F, G) Quantitative analysis of total retinal and inner plexiform layer thickness (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Control, Injection, Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 3. Quality control of untargeted metabolomics data. In each image of Fig. 3, A–D represent the LCN2−/−-STZ group, WT-STZ group, LCN2−/−-SC group, and WT-SC group of the lenses and E–H represent the LCN2−/−-STZ group, WT-STZ group, LCN2−/−-SC group, and WT-SC group of the retinas. (A) Principal component analysis of the lens and retinal groups in cationic mode. (B) Principal component analysis of lens and retinal groups in anion mode. (C, D) Score plots and permutation analysis plot of OPLS-DA among the four lens groups from STZ-induced WT mice and LCN2−/−mice in cationic mode. (E, F) Score plots and permutation analysis plot of OPLS-DA among the four retina groups from STZ-induced WT mice and LCN2−/−mice in cationic mode.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 4. Metabolic changes in mice lenses by STZ induction. In each image of Fig. 4, (B) and (D) represent the WT-STZ group (n = 9) and WT-SC group (n = 8) of the lenses. (A) Volcano plot of 136 differential metabolites. Compared to the WT-SC group, metabolites that were significantly upregulated in the WT-STZ group are marked in red, with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and fold change (FC) > 1.5. Metabolites that were remarkedly downregulated in the WT-STZ group are marked in blue. Metabolites with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC < 1.5 are indicated in yellow. Non-significant metabolites are represented in gray. The size of the dots corresponds to the magnitude of the VIP values. (B) Heatmap of 136 differential metabolites. Red represents significantly upregulated metabolites in the WT-STZ group compared to the WT-SC group, and blue represents downregulated metabolites. (C) Classification of 136 differential metabolites. (D) The top 20 differential abundance score with P < 0.05 based on KEGG enrichment analysis. DA-score = (number of upregulated metabolites −number of downregulated metabolites)/(total number of differential metabolites in the pathway). (E) Chord plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. (F) Circle plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. Red represents metabolites with elevated expression, and blue represents metabolites with decreased expression.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 5. Metabolic alterations in lenses of STZ-induced WT and LCN2−/−mice. In each image of Fig. 5, A and B represent the LCN2−/−- STZ group (n = 8) and WT-STZ group (n = 9) of the lenses. (A) Volcano plot of 54 differential metabolites. Compared to the WT-STZ group, metabolites that were significantly upregulated in the LCN2−/−-STZ group are marked in red, with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC > 1.5. Metabolites that were remarkedly downregulated in the LCN2−/−-STZ group are marked in blue. Metabolites with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC < 1.5 are indicated in yellow. Non-significant metabolites are shown in gray. The size of the dots corresponds to the magnitude of the VIP values. (B) Heatmap of 54 differential metabolites. Red represents significantly upregulated metabolites in the LCN2−/−-STZ group compared to the WT-STZ group, and blue represents downregulated metabolites. (C) Chord plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. (D) The top 20 differential abundance score with P < 0.05 based on KEGG enrichment analysis. (E) The relative expression levels of differential metabolites in the top three KEGG pathways between the two groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 6. Metabolic changes in mice retinas by STZ induction. In each image of Fig. 6, F and H represent the WT-STZ group (n = 8) and WT-SC group (n = 8) of the retinas. (A) Volcano plot of 218 differential metabolites. Compared to the WT-SC group, metabolites that were significantly upregulated in the WT-STZ group are marked in red, with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC > 1.5. Metabolites that were remarkedly downregulated in the WT-STZ group are indicated in blue. Metabolites with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC < 1.5 are indicated in yellow. Non-significant metabolites are represented in gray. The size of the dots corresponds to the magnitude of the VIP values. (B) Heatmap of 218 differential metabolites. Red represents significantly upregulated metabolites in the WT-STZ group compared to the WT-SC group, and blue represents downregulated metabolites. (C) Classification of 218 differential metabolites. (D) The top 20 DA-scores with P < 0.05 based on KEGG enrichment analysis. (E) Chord plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. (F) Circle plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. Red represents metabolites with elevated expression, and blue represents metabolites with decreased expression.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 7. Metabolic alterations in retinas of STZ-induced WT and LCN2−/−mice. In each image of Fig. 7, E and F represent the LCN2−/−- STZ group (n = 8) and WT-STZ group (n = 9) of the retinas. (A) Volcano plot of 35 differential metabolites. Compared with the WT-STZ group, metabolites that were significantly upregulated in the LCN2−/−-STZ group are marked in red, with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC > 1.5. Metabolites that were remarkedly downregulated in the LCN2−/−-STZ group are marked in blue. Metabolites with VIP > 1, P < 0.05, and FC < 1.5 are indicated in yellow. Non-significant metabolites are represented in gray. The size of the dots corresponds to the magnitude of the VIP values. (B) Heatmap of 35 differential metabolites. Red represents significantly upregulated metabolites in the LCN2−/−-STZ group compared to the WT-STZ group, and blue represents downregulated metabolites. (C) Chord plots of the top 10 KEGG enrichment terms with P < 0.05. (D) The top 20 differential abundance score with P < 0.05 based on KEGG enrichment analysis. (E) Metabolites involving multiple enriched metabolic pathways. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 8. Lens and retinas change metabolites in STZ-induced WT mice. In each image of Fig. 8, B and D represent the WT-STZ (n = 9) group and WT-SC group (n = 8) of the lenses, and F and H represent the WT-STZ group (n = 8) and WT-SC group (n = 8) of the retinas. (A) Overlap of differential metabolites in different groups. (B) Relative expression of differential metabolites in different groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001,****P < 0.0001, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

Article Title: Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Pathological Changes of Lens and Retina in Diabetic Mice.

doi: 10.1167/iovs.65.14.19

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 9. Lens and retinas change metabolites in STZ-induced WT mice compared with LCN2−/−mice. In each image of Fig. 9, A and B represent the LCN2−/−-STZ group (n = 8) and WT-STZ group (n = 9) of the lenses, and E and F represent the LCN2−/−-STZ group (n = 8) and WT-STZ group (n = 9) of the retinas. (A) Overlap of differential metabolites in different groups. (B) Relative expression of differential metabolites in different groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Mice in the STZ groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ solution (50 mg/kg for 5 days, MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: A Translational Pharmacokinetic Rat Model of Cerebral Spinal Fluid and Plasma Concentrations of Cefepime

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00595-18

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cefepime plasma and CSF PK exposures estimated using Bayesian posteriors for AUC 0–24 and C max 0–24 and percentage of cefepime in CSF or blood ^a

Article Snippet: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) standard curves were generated using commercially obtained cefepime hydrochloride (USP) (Chem-Impex International, Inc., Wood Dale, IL) with a purity of greater than 99.5%.

Techniques:

Journal: Science (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells

doi: 10.1126/science.aan5931

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Hepatic NKT cell levels from germ-free mice or matched SPF mice were measured. Data represent mean ± SEM of two pooled experiments. n = 5, P < 0.05, Student’s t-test. (B) cxcl16 mRNA expression in liver tissue from germ-free or SPF mice. Data represent mean ± SEM of two pooled experiments. n = 8 for SPF, 7 for GF. P < 0.05, Student’s t-test. (C) Naive C57BL/6 mice were fed with vancomycin (Vanco), neomycin (Neo) or cefoparazone (Cefo). Hepatic NKT levels were determined. Data represent mean ± SEM of three pooled experiments. n = 18 for H2O, 14 for vancomycin, 14 for neomycin, 10 for cefoperazone. P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. (D and E) Mice were treated with vancomycin for 1 week and then gavaged with C. scindens or vehicle (cessation). Twenty-four hours after C. scindens gavage, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of stool samples was performed. The relative abundance of OTUs in the fecal bacterial are shown (D). Time-course study of hepatic NKT levels was performed (E). Data represent mean ± SEM of two pooled experiments. n = 10 for H2O, D0, C. scindens D4, and Cessation D4; 5 for C. scindens D2, Cessation D2, C. scindens D7 and Cessation D7 P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA. (F and G) A20 liver tumors were induced in mice treated with vancomycin or H2O. Mice were colonized with C. scindens or control C. innocuum as illustrated in (F). Cumulative liver tumor counts are shown in (G). Data represent mean ± SEM of two pooled experiments. n = 10 for H2O and Vanco, n = 20 for C. scindens and C. innocuum. P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. (H) SK-HEP1 cells were treated with different bile acids. CXCL16 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. Data represent mean ± SEM of three pooled experiments. n > 10, P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. (I) Correlation between primary bile acid CDCA and CXCL16 mRNA expression in nontumor liver tissues from hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma patients of the TIGER cohort. Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed.

Article Snippet: In some experiments mice were given single antibiotic water, and cefoperazone (MP Biomedicals) was given at the concentration of 0.5 g/L.

Techniques: Expressing, Sequencing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction